Has anyone experienced this? : Grief and Loss Forum - Psych forums

I have always known there was something wrong with me from the time I was a child. When I was about 10 or 11 years old, my mom took me to see a therapist. After about a half dozen sessions of me sitting there with my arms crossed and silent the entire time, my mom quit taking me. When I was 12, I lost my grandmother who meant more than life itself to me. My grandmother had mental health issues in her past and seemed to understand that there was something "different" about me, but genuinely loved me nonetheless. She took an interest in me, spent considerably more time with me than her other grandchildren, and took care of me. Her death marked a turning point in my life that has been a downhill roll over since.

My first suicide attempt was when I was 19. Like an idiot, I took about 2 handfuls of 800mg prescription Motrin which resulted in throwing up blood. That was the first of many hospitalizations to come. I was diagnosed then as being Bipolar which just seems to me to be a catchall diagnosis. I took medication for a period of time before giving up on the process. In 2002, I was formally diagnosed by a psychologist who took his time diagnosing me only after having seen me for a period of a few months. While I had at least some hope before for help to be received by being Bipolar, that changed once I got the BPD diagnosis.

Fast forward a few years and at 22 years of age, I became a mother. I was not prepared to be a mother or that the partner I was with would be as unsupportive as he was. When my daughter was 4 years old, I lost custody for the first time for more than a year. When she was 11, I lost custody again but I regained custody after about 4 months. In 2010, I lost custody again and eventually ended up with my daughter in a guardianship situation in which I have had very little time to see her. Two weeks ago, I attempted to contact the guardian to visit and I have not heard anything back. To say that I have been in a severe emotional tailspin ever since would be an understatement.

I've been through years and years of therapy and medication only to see no improvement in my condition. I've read everything I can about BPD hoping to get some sort of insight and find ways of coping. In early 2011, I tried committing suicide and very nearly succeeded. I took handfuls of anti anxiety medication, narcotic pain meds, and sleep meds. I woke up a week later, intibated, from a coma and in full liver failure. Apparently, I was shocked my the electric paddles from the paramedics to restart my heart. I was so angry at having woken up and I still am. Immediately after I left the hospital, my brother filed a restraining order against me which caused me to lose my home. Over the course of the year, I lost my fiance, several close friends, my albeit rocky relationship with my brother, 2 substantial car accidents, and most of the money I had saved. My aunt took me in and I have been living here since. Several months ago, my brother found out I was attending church and started going to the same one. One evening as he left, he told me he loved me. I felt anger and rage inside me, from his audacity to say he loved me. Someone who loved me would never have turned their back on me. I stuck with him through his lifes trials and he apparently refused to for me.

Ever since losing custody of my daughter permanently about 2 months ago, I've realized that absolutely everything in me has died. I hardly leave the house, rarely answer the phone, and try not to ever mention anything about how I am feeling because I have become sick to death of hearing "it will all be okay", "time heals all wounds", "turn to the Lord..." I feel more disconnected than ever from God and my faith and I was raised in church. I went from being an amazingly social person who volunteered, worked, went to school, etc. into absolutely nothing. My suicidal thoughts are constant and can overwhelm me at any moment, in the grocery store, driving, waking me in the middle of the night, etc. In some silly way, at least I felt whole before, but now I feel as if I am in a million little pieces ever so carefully being held together by a string. My health has declined significantly in the last year and a half. I wish every day that I was able to have ended it a year ago because living in such unbearable gut wrenching pain is not a way to live.

Source: http://www.psychforums.com/grief-loss/topic100036.html

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Jobs data, election may overshadow earnings

By Ryan Vlastelica, Reuters

NEW YORK ? Earnings season may be only half over, but the focus on profits should subside next week as investors turn their attention to the coming election and Friday's jobs report, the last major data release before the Nov. 6 contest.

More bellwether companies are scheduled to report results in what will be another "peak week" of the earnings season. Such a flurry of numbers normally holds Wall Street's attention and can lead to market swings. But volume and volatility may be slight next week, with market participants opting to remain on the sidelines ahead of the jobs data and the election.

The U.S. government's October jobs report will give a snapshot of the current labor market. It could also give a bit of a lift to President Barack Obama, should it come out better than anticipated, or help Republican candidate Mitt Romney ? if it is worse than forecast.

Polls currently indicate that President Obama is a slight favorite to win on Nov. 6, but the race will be tight. The most recent Reuters/Ipsos poll of likely voters shows the president ahead ? 47 percent to 46 percent.

The Standard & Poor's 500 Index fell 1.5 percent this week, largely because of a spate of earnings disappointments. The Dow Jones industrial average slid 1.8 percent this week, and the Nasdaq composite index dropped 0.6 percent.

What's notable, however, is that rebounds have been brief and quick to attract sellers.

Eyes on the election
Some investors cited the approaching election as a barrier to committing new capital to the market.

"Not many people have the stomach to plop down their bets when polling is so close," said Hayes Miller, the Boston-based head of asset allocation in North America at Baring Asset Management. "For the most part, investors will wait and see what happens."

Miller, who helps oversee more than $50 billion in assets, said the trend of caution would be especially pronounced in the health care, financial and energy sectors ??three areas that may face different regulatory outlooks, depending on the election's outcome.

"These are the ones really in play," he said.

Expectations for the next nonfarm payrolls report, set for release on Friday, are by no means certain, either. Analysts expect 124,000 jobs were added in October ? up 10,000 from September. However, the unemployment rate is also seen ticking higher ? to 7.9 percent from 7.8 percent.

A payroll surprise in either direction could further cloud expectations for the election's outcome.

"A big change in payrolls could cause some uncertainty over the winner," said Jerry Harris, president of asset management at Sterne Agee, in Birmingham, Ala. "I don't expect a big surprise, but while the S&P doesn't seem especially vulnerable at these levels, I don't think it is in a hurry to go up, either."

The market will also have to contend with the weather. Hurricane Sandy is expected to hit the U.S. East Coast early in the week. New York City officials were considering closing down bus and subway lines next week.

At the New York Stock Exchange, the plans call for business as usual. The exchange issued a statement on Friday saying it has contingency plans to have the market running, adding that it has back-up power generation facilities. The Big Board will make accommodations for critical staff and traders.

Rival marketplace NASDAQ OMX said in a statement that it has plans to make sure its systems are ready. It will communicate with its members before, up to and after the storm.

Goldman Sachs & Co. told employees in an internal memo Sunday that the firm will be open for business on Monday, though only employees "critical" to operations will be asked to get to downtown Manhattan, and then only if they can do so safely.

Goldman will have other employees working from Greenwich, Connecticut, and Princeton, New Jersey, and many employees will work from home as well, the memo said.?

Disappointing earnings
While the market at large may be waiting on news events, individual stocks could still be volatile as earnings season grinds along. More than half of the S&P 500 components have reported results so far. Next week, though, will bring reports from some marquee names such as Dow components Chevron and Pfizer, as well as S&P 500 stalwarts Visa, Ford Motor and Starbucks.

This earnings season, a number of high-profile companies have missed estimates, including this week's sour notes from Apple, United Technologies and DuPont.

With 54 percent of the S&P 500 companies having reported results so far, 62.5 percent have topped earnings expectations, under the 67 percent average over the past four quarters. Just 37 percent have topped revenue forecasts, well under the 55 percent over the past four quarters.

The earnings disappointments led to some intensive selling, driving the Dow industrials down 243.36 points on Tuesday alone.

The S&P 500 has ended down in five of the past seven trading sessions. Those declines have pushed the benchmark S&P under its 50-day moving average of around 1,434, leading some analysts to believe it may be ready for a bounce.

"We'll use any pullback as an opportunity to buy," said Chip Cobb, senior vice president at Bryn Mawr Trust Asset Management in Bryn Mawr, Pa. "Even though we've seen a number of companies miss expectations and be overly cautious, we're focusing on how a majority have beaten."

Cobb said next week he was especially looking to results from U.S. Steel. Its stock is down almost 20 percent so far this year.

"Steel companies have been participating really poorly, and I'm anxious to see if that will continue," he said.

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Source: http://economywatch.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/28/14758574-jobs-data-election-may-overshadow-earnings?lite

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Aereo opens its streaming TV to Mac and Windows web browsers

If you'd wanted to watch Aereo's unique antenna-to-internet TV streaming until today, you had to tune in from an iOS device or Roku box. That's not a lot of choice for placeshifting, is it? A fresh update to the company's streaming service has widened the choices considerably for New Yorkers to include all the major browsers on Macs and Windows PCs. As long as you're using a recent version of Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera or Safari, you can catch up on Ion or Telemundo while you're checking email. About the only restrictions left are the continued lack of Android support and occasional lawsuits from traditionalist broadcasters.

Filed under: Home Entertainment, Internet, HD

Aereo opens its streaming TV to Mac and Windows web browsers originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 17 Oct 2012 21:40:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/1po5mhXw6uc/

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Bochy rejects retaliation talk heading into Game 3

ST. LOUIS (AP) ? Giants manager Bruce Bochy expects Marco Scutaro to be in his lineup card for Game 3 of the NL championship series, two days after St. Louis slugger Matt Holliday plowed into the San Francisco second baseman.

"I think so. It feels much better," Scutaro said Tuesday night after participating in a workout at Busch Stadium. "I thought it was going to be worse. Normally, the next day is when you feel it the most."

Neither seemed too interested in any talk of retaliation.

"What's on our mind is to go out and play our best ball," Bochy said Tuesday night, a day before the best-of-seven series resumes at Busch Stadium with the Giants and St. Louis Cardinals tied at one game apiece. "That's over. You have to move on."

Scutaro said a shutout from Matt Cain would be perfect and knew nothing about get-even plans. If Matt Holliday approached him before the game, he joked that the Cardinals slugger would be in for a fight.

The recollection of the play was vivid.

"All of a sudden, I just saw this train coming," he said. "I didn't have time to do pretty much anything. I don't even know how I threw the ball to first, but I think I did, huh?"

He added that if Holliday had slid any farther, "probably you're going to make it to shortstop."

Results of an MRI exam showed Scutaro has a strained left hip after Holliday's late slide while busting up a double play. Bochy said Scutaro also had a sore left knee, and the manager had planned on holding him out of practice after the team flight arrived from the West Coast.

"We're being hopeful he can go," Bochy said. "I will say he's more optimistic about where he's at right now than when it first happened."

Cain, who will face fellow 16-game winner Kyle Lohse, said little about any possible animosity. Cain added that he wouldn't be afraid to throw inside against Holliday.

"You've got to go out there and pitch your game," Cain said. "If something gets away from me inside, that's kind of part of the game. You can't have a fear of doing that."

The 36-year-old Scutaro was an unexpected find for the Giants, batting .362 with 40 runs and 44 RBIs in 61 games after being acquired in late July from the Rockies for a minor league infielder. He's batting .250 with three RBIs in the playoffs, but has stepped it up in the NLCS, going 4 for 8 with two RBIs.

"He's driven in a lot of two-out runs and gotten rallies going for us as well," Cain said. "He's been really, really big for us."

Bochy reiterated his opinion that Holliday had made an "illegal slide," but said he hadn't talked with St. Louis manager Mike Matheny or anyone else on the Cardinals.

"I don't think there was intent, to be honest, hurting somebody," Bochy said. "But it was late. Marco was behind the bag, he really didn't hit dirt until he got behind the base.

"And the second baseman, he's in a position there where there can be some damage done, as we saw. He came out of this plenty good considering how hard he got hit."

Added Scutaro: "I don't know too much about sliding rules, but I think it was a little late. I don't think he was intentionally doing it."

Scutaro came out of Game 2 in the fifth inning because he was having trouble running, particularly side to side. He said his leg had gone numb, too.

Pain in the left knee developed on Tuesday, and Scutaro said both the hip and knee were stiff during the workout. If he can't start, Ryan Theriot would play second.

St. Louis didn't work out Tuesday after a late-night return flight to the Midwest. The exception was a 49-pitch simulated game by Jake Westbrook, who is recovering from a strained right oblique and is hopeful of rejoining the staff if St. Louis makes it to the World Series.

After Game 2, Holliday said he relayed an apology of sorts to Giants catcher Busty Posey before his next at-bat.

"I told Buster to tell Marco I wish I had started my slide a step earlier," Holliday said. "I wanted him to know I wasn't trying to hurt him. When a guy has to leave the game, I feel bad."

Holliday also defended his hard-nosed approach.

"When I'm at first and see a grounder to short, I'm just trying to make sure they can't turn the double play," Holliday said. "He was right on second base. I hope he's OK. He's a good guy."

Back at home, where Holliday will get cheers instead of boos, Matheny said what happened is just part of the game.

"To me, what I see is a guy who I've never seen one act of trying to hurt anybody," Matheny said. "And I would never believe that's what he was trying to do. I know what Matt's intentions were and he was thinking about his team at the time."

Lohse hopes to end a string of early exits for Cardinals starters in Game 3. He's all about efficiency, avoiding extended at-bats and letting hitters get themselves out.

St. Louis has gone three straight games without a starter getting an out in the fifth inning. Matheny said travel days during the postseason lessen the burden and keep pitchers fresh. Still, he'd rather not keep making those early trips to the mound.

"You have strong starting pitching, you have an opportunity to be successful," Matheny said. "Otherwise, you're fighting an uphill battle all the time and it seems like you're constantly coming back."

Lohse needed just 87 pitches to complete a strong seven-inning outing his last time out. He did not get a decision in a 2-1 loss to the Nationals in Game 4 of the NL division series. Lohse worked six innings or longer and threw fewer than 100 pitches 11 times during the regular season.

"It's not really a secret: I rely on getting first-pitch strikes, getting ahead of the guys and making them hit my pitch," Lohse said. "That's my version of pitching to contact. I'm not out there trying to strike guys out. I want them out in three or four pitches and move on."

He'll try not to carry any extra burden into this start.

"We've had our ups and downs as the rotation goes," Lohse said. "You can't put more pressure on yourself to go out there and do more. I can't go out there and try to throw seven innings all at once."

Cain was ex-Cardinals manager Tony La Russa's choice as the NL All-Star game starter in July. The right-hander hasn't gone deep in either of his postseason starts, giving up six runs over 10 2-3 innings.

Cain struggled against the Cardinals this year, going 1-1 with a 6.94 ERA in two starts, and is 2-3 with a 4.94 ERA overall in eight starts.

Cain recalled a start in 2006 or '07 when Albert Pujols "took me to Big Mac Land."

"I haven't had a ton of starts in this ballpark," Cain said. "I think the biggest thing is just making good pitches, and at times I didn't make good pitches against these guys."

The Giants' probable pitchers for Games 4 and 5 remain "TBA" for now according to Bochy, who said he'd reveal his choices after Game 3 depending on who he used in that game.

"I have not named a starter, really, because I don't have to right now," Bochy said. "That's my biggest reason. And we'll see what happens tomorrow."

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/bochy-rejects-retaliation-talk-heading-game-3-004622455--mlb.html

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Judge sets June start date for Zimmerman murder trial

By NBC News staff

Handout / Reuters

George Zimmerman is seen in a photo shortly after he shot and killed Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Fla., in February.

A Florida judge has set June 10, 2013 as the start date of the murder trial of George Zimmerman.

Zimmerman, 29, a former neighborhood watch volunteer, is charged with second-degree murder for shooting and killing 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Fla., on Feb. 26.

Zimmerman claimed self-defense in the case and has pleaded not guilty.

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Attorneys in the case said they estimate the trial will last three weeks, and Prosecutor Bernie de la Rionda said he expected the jury selection would take longer than the trial itself, the Orlando Sentinel reported.

Circuit Court Judge Debra Nelson was appointed to the case in late August after the former judge in the case made disparaging remarks about Zimmerman?s character and advocated for additional charges against him during a bond hearing.

A hearing is set for Friday for Nelson to hear arguments on several new motions, including the defense asking for more time to interview state witnesses, reported NBCMiami.com.?

Zimmerman, whose father is white and whose mother is Peruvian, says he shot Martin, who was black, in self-defense after following him in a gated community in Sanford. Police questioned Zimmerman but initially decided against pressing charges.

The lack of an arrest or charges sparked protests nationwide, with critics alleging that Zimmerman confronted Martin because of his race. Zimmerman's supporters denied that.

The decision whether to arrest Zimmerman was delayed for several weeks because Zimmerman had indicated that he would argue self-defense under Florida's so-called Stand Your Ground law, which shields subjects from prosecution if a judge determines that the shooting was justified to protect life or property.

Zimmerman is currently out of jail on bail. He and his wife, Shellie, who is charged with perjury in the case for her claims that the couple had no money at a bond hearing, are both living in hiding in Seminole County, according to the Sun-Sentinel.

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Source: http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/17/14508890-florida-judge-sets-june-start-date-for-george-zimmerman-murder-trial?lite

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Egyptian father: Daughter punished for not veiling

LUXOR, Egypt (AP) ? A teacher in southern Egypt punished two 12-year-old schoolgirls for not wearing the Muslim headscarf by cutting their hair, the father of one girl said Wednesday, in an incident that stokes concerns over personal rights following the rise of Islamist political movements.

The governor of Luxor province where the incident occurred called the teacher's actions "shameful" and said she had been transferred to another school. But rights groups say that some Islamic conservatives have been emboldened by the success of groups like Muslim Brotherhood and the ultraconservative Salafi trend in parliamentary and presidential elections and have been increasingly brazen about forcing their standards on other Egyptians.

The incident follows a surge in legal cases against Egyptians, mostly Christians, who allegedly showed contempt for religion. The trial of one, Alber Saber, opened Wednesday but was postponed.

It also comes amid a fierce debate over how the role of religion will be defined in the country's new constitution. The preponderance of Islamists on the panel drafting the document has alarmed liberals and religious minorities.

In the village of Qurna in Luxor province, 500 kilometers (300 miles) south of Cairo, Berbesh Khairi El-Rawi said the teacher forced the two girls to stand with their hands above their heads for two hours and then cut their hair in their school.

El-Rawi, the father of one of the two girls, told The Associated Press that he filed a complaint after the Oct. 10 incident with the prosecutor's office in Luxor. He had no further comment.

The prosecutor's office declined to comment on the case. Provincial governor Ezzat Saad confirmed the teacher had been transferred for a "shameful" act but did not otherwise comment.

The teacher, Eman Abu Bakar, could not be reached. She told the Egyptian semi-official newspaper al-Ahram that the amount of hair she cut off of the girls' heads "did not exceed two centimeters" (one inch).

Abu Bakar was quoted as saying she only resorted to cutting her students' hair after warning them repeatedly to cover their heads. After these repeated warnings, a student handed her a scissors from his bag, and that he and other students asked her to "implement" her threats.

In a photo published by Al-Ahram, Abu Bakar is shown wearing the niqab, a garment that covers everything but a woman's eyes.

Most Muslim women in Egypt wear the headscarf, but increasing numbers now wear the more conservative niqab.

Ziad Abdel Tawab of the Cairo Institute for Human Rights said the incident was alarming but not surprising.

"Whether in schools or outside schools, the general sentiment is that any abusive action, if it is justified as protection of Islam, is tolerable," he said.

Meanwhile, a Cairo court postponed proceedings in the trial of 27-year-old Coptic Christian activist Alber Saber, who faces charges of insulting religion, to November 14.

Saber was arrested last month after neighbors complained he had posted an anti-Islam film that has sparked protests across the Muslim world to his Facebook page, but investigators didn't find them. Nonetheless, Saber was put on trial and now faces a six-year prison sentence and fines.

His lawyer Ahmed Ezzat said in an emailed statement that all proceedings against Saber have involved serious legal breaches that should result in the nullifying of any evidence put forward against him.

Ezzat also said that after Saber's arrest on September 13, a police officer incited others detained in the station to attack Saber, resulting in detainees beating him and cutting him with a razor blade. A police officer at the station denied the report, speaking anonymously as he was not authorized to talk to the media.

Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui of Amnesty International said in a statement Wednesday that blasphemy cases like the one against Saber "set a dangerous precedent for the Egyptian authorities' tolerance of freedom of expression in the country."

"Criticism of religions and other beliefs and ideas is a vital component of the right to freedom of expression," Sahraoui said. "Laws - such as blasphemy laws - that criminalize such criticism violate human rights."

The rights group said that Saber's lawyers "fear for his safety in prison and outside if released. They also fear for the safety of his mother and sister who have been threatened and forced to leave their home which was surrounded by angry mobs."

In another incident that raised concerns over the freedom of expression, a top parliamentarian suspended the editor-in-chief of a state-owned newspaper for publishing a report deemed an offense to the military.

Ahmed Fahmy, the head of the Islamist-dominated Shura Council upper house of parliament, named a replacement for Gamal Abdel-Rahim after his paper, al-Gomhuria, published a Wednesday report claiming that authorities would soon bar the country's former top military leaders from traveling abroad pending an investigation into alleged corruption and the deaths of protesters during their 17 months in power.

The paper quoted an unnamed judicial source. The report was later denied by the Ministry of Justice, and a member of the armed forces protested what he called an "offense" to the military, the state Middle East News Agency said.

The move to replace Abdel-Rahim prompted criticism from journalists and media watchdog groups. Although the state-owned media formally belong to the Shura Council, which appoints the editors, journalists say it is not the business of the council to take disciplinary measures for publishing offenses.

A group of Abdel-Rahim's colleagues gathered at the paper's offices to protest the decision and declared a strike. Abdel-Rahim told them that he will not abide by the decision. He said that Egypt's union of journalists should decide if there is to be an investigation into the matter.

Fahmy, a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood's political party, could not be reached for comment.

The state-owned papers, run for years by secular-leaning editors, had a reputation as a mouthpiece for President Hosni Mubarak, who was deposed last year.

Gamal Eid, the head of the Arab Network for Human Rights Information media watchdog, said the decision was "arbitrary" and is a continuation of the same "mistakes" of the previous regime.

___

Associated Press writer Maggie Fick contributed reporting from Cairo.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2012-10-17-Egypt/id-0a34fa8285cf4dbfb0f855ddfb9eb80c

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Evolutionary origins of our pretty smile

ScienceDaily (Oct. 17, 2012) ? It takes both teeth and jaws to make a pretty smile, but the evolutionary origins of these parts of our anatomy have only just been discovered, thanks to a particle accelerator and a long dead fish.

All living jawed vertebrates (animals with backbones, such as humans) have teeth, but it has long been thought that the first jawed vertebrates lacked pearly gnashers, instead capturing prey with gruesome scissor-like jaw-bones.

However new research, led by the University of Bristol and published October 17 in Nature, shows that these earliest jawed vertebrates possessed teeth too indicating that teeth evolved along with, or soon after, the evolution of jaws.

Palaeontologists from Bristol, the Natural History Museum and Curtin University, Australia collaborated with physicists from Switzerland to study the jaws of a primitive jawed fish called Compagopiscis.

The international team studied fossils of Compagopiscis using high energy X-rays at the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland, revealing the structure and development of teeth and bones.

Lead author, Dr Martin Ruecklin of the University of Bristol said: "We were able to visualise every tissue, cell and growth line within the bony jaws, allowing us to study the development of the jaws and teeth. We could then make comparisons with the embryology of living vertebrates, thus demonstrating that placoderms possessed teeth."

Co-author, Professor Philip Donoghue of the University of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences said: "This is solid evidence for the presence of teeth in these first jawed vertebrates and solves the debate on the origin of teeth."

Co-author Dr Zerina Johanson from the Natural History Museum said: "These wonderfully preserved fossils from Australia yield many secrets of our evolutionary ancestry but research has been held back waiting for the kind of non-destructive technology that we used in this study. Without the collaborations between palaeontologists and physicists, our evolutionary history would remain hidden in the rocks."

Professor Marco Stampanoni of the Paul Scherrer Institut said: "We performed non-invasive 3D microscopy on the sample using synchrotron radiation, a very powerful X-ray source. This technique allows us to obtain a perfect digital model and very detailed insight views of the old fossil without destroying it. Normally, our method delivers very high spatial resolution on tiny samples. For this experiment we modified our setup and reconstruction algorithms in order to expand the field of view significantly while keeping the spatial resolution high."

This work was funded by the EU Framework Programme 7, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Paul Scherrer Institut.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Bristol.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Martin R?cklin, Philip C. J. Donoghue, Zerina Johanson, Kate Trinajstic, Federica Marone, Marco Stampanoni. Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates. Nature, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nature11555

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/zukcJzU6Ezw/121017131834.htm

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